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Mimi

Anuj Dahiya

Kriti Sanon and Pankaj Tripathi starrer film, Mimi is the latest attempt by Bollywood to bring the taboo topic of surrogacy back in the mainstream (last being Chori Chori Chupke Chupke 2001). The film showcases the story of Mimi, played by Kriti giving her career best performance, who wishes to become a heroine in Mumbai and for which she is saving money. It is through a typical dance number (Bikaner ki chokri, Santre ki tokri) when an American couple wandering in India for over a year, John and Summer, the intended parents, see in Mimi a potential surrogate mother. Bhanu played by the enigmatic Pankaj Tripathi, plays the broker in here and convinces Mimi to be a surrogate and get compensated in return. Considering the huge money prospects involved, she agrees to it without much delay. The film is set in a small town of Rajasthan in the year 2013. The twist comes when the American couple abandons Mimi and the baby in womb in between and our surrogate Mimi is left all by herself. This tragic turn of events has been the harsh realities for many in India.

Legalised in 2002, India has become a hub of commercial surrogacy, so much that it has been called a baby factory. Commercial surrogacy is legal in Russia, Ukraine and some States of the USA, but considering the cheaper costs, India becomes a preferable destination. A report estimates it to be worth more than $400, but the ethics of the practice has been largely questioned.

As in Mimi, the reference of khet, ganna, beej to the commercial surrogacy, the practise has led to the commodification of reproductive labour and women’s body. It is accused of treating the child as a good, reproduction as a service to be traded and establishing control over women’s bodies. Commercial surrogacy is likened to organ sale rackets. There is also power dynamics involved where the rich try to rent the womb for themselves, the surrogates coming from the lowest economic rungs of society. Coming out of dire property, their consent to be surrogates can hardly be called informed. It is coercive since refusal is mostly difficult. Also, in majority of the cases, they are illiterate and barely get a copy of the contract signed. The broker keeps a major chunk of the compensation.

The commercial surrogacy in India has largely flourished because of absence of regulations and red-tapism. Come 2014 and the NDA government comes up with Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill which intended to ban commercial surrogacies over night. It allowed only altruistic surrogacy from close family members which would cover medical expenses and insurance and will be limited to Indian heterosexual and infertile couples, having completed five years of marriage. This bill was passed by Lok Sabha in 2015 but could not steer through the upper house of parliament and was therefore, referred to a select committee. The Select Committee headed by Bhupendra Yadav, after consulting various stakeholders suggested that widows and divorced women be included, the five year marriage and infertility clause be removed from the bill. The bill accepting the recommendations is still pending in the Parliament.

But the bill has its share of shortcomings even now. It falls short of taking into account the rights of live-in couples and LGBTQ community who wish to start a family beyond the traditional nation of parents. The community has started to get legal recognition in India and their rights need to be protected. Further the interests of surrogates have also been ignored as banning surrogacy straight away leaves them out of economic opportunities and their chance to improve their lot. As Dr Patel of Akanksha Hospital, Anand, Gujarat says, Banning is never the solution. The ban will give rise to an underground market for surrogacy which will only worsen the situation for poor women. 

The movie in the end strikes the right chords by focusing on adoption as a viable option. As it is conveyed, “If the orphaned children were to be a country, it would be the 7th largest in the world.” You can watch Mimi on Netflix and Jio Cinemas.

Anuj Dahiya

A student of Political Science

Instagram: @anuj__dahiya

Twiter: @unujdahiya

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By Srinivas Rayappa

“Having a sister is like having a best friend you can’t get rid of. You know whatever you do, they’ll still be there.” – Amy Li

Bebe, Heather, Mimi and Laurie – popularly known as The Brown sisters have shown that sisters can indeed be best friends for life, through a very unique experiment – that although they had stumbled upon to pass boredom, eventually became an annual ritual that has continued for the last 40 years.  

Nicholas Nixon met BeBe in 1970 and they were married the following year. Nixon was 21, and BeBe was 20. They would usually spend the weekends with BeBe’s parents and that’s where this magnificent idea originated. A single photo of BeBe and her three sisters (Mimi, Laurie, Heather) taken back in the August of 1974 to bide boredom, turned into a long term project for Nixon with the sustained co-operation of the four sisters. Even though the first photograph was not upto his expectations, the idea continued to linger in his mind before it metamorphosed into an annual affair.

A year later, at the graduation of one of the sisters, while readying a shot of them, Nixon suggested that the four sisters line up in the same order that they had done the previous year. After he saw the image, he asked them if they might do it every year and they seemed to concur with him on the idea. It’s been 40 years since and the sisters have met every single year for this photo-event. This long photo-journey stands testament to the power of one simple yet great idea and the endurance of sisterhood.

For 40 years none of the sisters have missed this annual ‘photo ritual’ event, which emphasizes the strong bond they have for each other, which would be what most families strive for. When the first photograph was taken Mimi was 15, Laurie 21, Heather 23, and BeBe 25. Despite passage of 40 years since, nothing seems to have changed between the sisters as they still seem to lean on each other with the same fond affection as the first, in each and every photograph.

What stands out in each of the photos is that the sisters have a rather serious look but the attitude they wear is unparalleled. Staring straight into the photographer’s lens, they stand closely in a loving embrace which illuminates the sense of sisterhood and unity. The sisters don’t seem to be perturbed either by the passage of time, life’s transitions, changing seasons or their ageing process. The location seems totally unimportant under the circumstances.

The consistency in the order in which the sisters pose for the camera is indeed noticeable – left to right, Heather, Mimi, BeBe and Laurie. Nixon consciously chose to use a 8x10in view camera on a tripod and black-and-white film. It has been that way ever since.

The natural light, the simplicity, the casual postures, unfussy preparations and glamour-neutral attitudes are the highlights of all the photographs. Bebe Nixon in an interview explained the secret behind these simple yet powerful portraits – “We sisters never discussed what we are going to wear. We just wore what we felt like wearing that day.”

Had the sisters decided to start a rock band these black and white photographs would have probably formed the ideal CD cover for their albums.

Pursuing the whole project always rested on the idea of mortality. What if one of the sisters die? Would Nixon still be enthused to take this annual ritual forward? The obsessive photographer that he is, Nixon explains “We joke about it. But everybody knows that certainly my intention would be that we would go on forever, no matter what. To just take three, and then two, and then one. The joke question is: what happens if I go in the middle. I think we’ll figure that out when the time comes.”

The series of portraits have been unveiled at Fraenkel Gallery booth at Paris Photo and Museum of Modern Art, New York, coinciding with the museum’s publication of the book “The Brown Sisters: Forty Years”.

Nicholas Nixon, who grew up a single child, has been especially intrigued by the endurance of sisterhood and the deep emotional connect among the sisters which enthused him to pursue this ritual for the last 40 years. The cumulative effect of this 40 year journey is indeed emotional, dizzying, nostalgic and sends out a powerful message to all the sisters across the globe. Also, the extraordinary cumulative power that rests on the photographer’s singular ability to capture the passage of time and, with it, human ageing, emotions and the lurking shadow of mortality, is indeed laudable.

In an era where siblings hardly meet or meet via video conference, the life long journey of the Brown sisters is a lesson on the paramountcy of togetherness and bonding.

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